Lifestyles
Accounting for the Widening Mortality Gap Between Adult Americans with and without a BA
Anne Case & Angus Deaton
NBER Working Paper, May 2023
Abstract:
We examine mortality differences between Americans with and without a four-year college degree over the period 1992 to 2021. From 1992 to 2010, both groups saw falling mortality, but with greater improvements for the more educated; from 2010 to 2019, mortality fell for those with a BA and rose for those without; from 2019 to 2021, mortality rose for both groups, but more rapidly for the less educated. In consequence, the mortality gap between the two groups rose in all three periods, unevenly until 2010, faster between 2010 to 2019, and explosively during the pandemic. The overall period saw dramatic changes in patterns of mortality, but gaps rose consistently, not only in all-cause mortality, but in each of thirteen broad classifications of cause of death. Gaps increased for causes of death whose rates have risen in the last thirty years, whose rates have fallen in the last thirty years, and whose rates fell and then rose. Gaps rose for causes where rates were originally higher for those without a BA, and where rates were originally lower for those without a BA. Although mechanisms and stories are different for each cause of death, the widening gap is seen throughout.
Banning volume discounts to curb excessive consumption: A cautionary tale
Farasat Bokhari et al.
European Economic Review, forthcoming
Abstract:
Volume discounts encourage consumers to buy more. Banning such discounts should then lead to consumers buying less. This is the thinking behind banning multiple-unit discounts, including multibuy price promotions, to curb excessive harmful consumption of alcohol and high-fat, -sugar, and -salt (HFSS) foods. However, our analysis questions the validity of this thinking, which ignores the possible restraining effect of volume discounts. We find that such a ban for retailing alcohol in Scotland increased rather than reduced sales. Retailers switched to using more straight (single-unit) discounts, which encouraged high-consumption households to increase their shopping frequency and buy more.
Best for Whom? Heterogeneous Treatment Effects of Breastfeeding on Child Development
Jessica Houston Su, Kerri Raissian & Jiyeon Kim
Social Forces, forthcoming
Abstract:
The slogan “Breast is Best” has been popularized by medical organizations and parenting networks to extoll the benefits of breastfeeding, yet the causal effects are widely debated. Our study contributes to the debate by examining whether breastfeeding has differential effects based on the propensity to breastfeed, which is also known as causal effect heterogeneity. Prior studies attempt to isolate the causal effect of breastfeeding by netting out confounding characteristics, but we argue that the effects of breastmilk are unlikely to operate in a vacuum. The social forces that promote or constrain breastfeeding among different populations in American society can also shape its effects. Using rich intergenerational panel data from the NLSY79 Child and Young Adult cohort (n = 7902), we evaluate heterogeneous treatment effects in the relationship between breastfeeding and child development from ages 4 to 14 using stratification-multilevel propensity score models. We find that breastfeeding is associated with small benefits for behavioral development, math scores, and academic ability among those with the highest propensities to breastfeed. By contrast, its small benefits for reading comprehension and vocabulary are concentrated among children with the lowest propensities to breastfeed. Our findings suggest that the social process of selection into breastfeeding cannot be fully disentangled from its estimated effects. The social context not only shapes who breastfeeds in American society, but also who benefits most.
Hallucinogen use among young adults ages 19–30 in the United States: Changes from 2018 to 2021
Katherine Keyes & Megan Patrick
Addiction, forthcoming
Design, setting and participants: This was a longitudinal cohort study among young adults aged 19–30 years from the US general population, interviewed between 2018 and 2021. Participants comprised 11 304 unique respondents, with an average number of follow-ups of 1.46 (standard deviation = 0.50). Of the observed data points, 51.9% were among females.
Findings: From 2018 to 2021, past 12-month use of LSD among young adults in the US remained relatively unchanged, from 3.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.1–4.3] in 2018 to 4.2% in 2021 (95% CI = 3.4–5.0). Non-LSD hallucinogen [e.g. ‘shrooms’, psilocybin or PCP (phenylcyclohexyl piperidine)] use, however, increased in prevalence from 3.4% (95% CI = 2.8–4.1) to 6.6% from 2018 to 2021 (95% CI = 5.5–7.6). Across years, the odds of non-LSD use were higher for males [odds ratio (OR) = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.52–2.26] and lower for black than white participants (OR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.19–0.47) and those without a college-educated parent (OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.64–0.99). Demographic disparities were similar for LSD use.
Trends in Illicit Ketamine Seizures in the US From 2017 to 2022
Joseph Palamar et al.
JAMA Psychiatry, forthcoming
Results:
There were 873 ketamine seizures between 2017 and 2022, weighing a total of 1852.4 kg (with 862 seizures [98.7%] reported in kg as powder). The highest numbers of seizures were reported in Tennessee (130 [14.9%]), Florida (113 [12.9%]), and California (73 [8.4%]); the greatest weight seized was also in Tennessee (844.1 kg), followed by Pennsylvania (154.3 kg) and New York (132.6 kg). The number of ketamine seizures in the US increased from 55 in 2017 to 247 to 2022 (AAPC, 30.2; 95% CI, 16.5-45.5), a 349.1% increase. The total weight of ketamine seized increased from 57.8 kg in 2017 to 703.3 kg in 2022 (AAPC, 72.7; 95% CI, 31.3-127.2), a 1116.4% increase.
Taurine deficiency as a driver of aging
Parminder Singh et al.
Science, 9 June 2023
Abstract:
Aging is associated with changes in circulating levels of various molecules, some of which remain undefined. We find that concentrations of circulating taurine decline with aging in mice, monkeys, and humans. A reversal of this decline through taurine supplementation increased the health span (the period of healthy living) and life span in mice and health span in monkeys. Mechanistically, taurine reduced cellular senescence, protected against telomerase deficiency, suppressed mitochondrial dysfunction, decreased DNA damage, and attenuated inflammaging. In humans, lower taurine concentrations correlated with several age-related diseases and taurine concentrations increased after acute endurance exercise. Thus, taurine deficiency may be a driver of aging because its reversal increases health span in worms, rodents, and primates and life span in worms and rodents. Clinical trials in humans seem warranted to test whether taurine deficiency might drive aging in humans.
Dietary flavanols restore hippocampal-dependent memory in older adults with lower diet quality and lower habitual flavanol consumption
Adam Brickman et al.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 6 June 2023
Abstract:
Dietary flavanols are food constituents found in certain fruits and vegetables that have been linked to cognitive aging. Previous studies suggested that consumption of dietary flavanols might specifically be associated with the hippocampal-dependent memory component of cognitive aging and that memory benefits of a flavanol intervention might depend on habitual diet quality. Here, we tested these hypotheses in the context of a large-scale study of 3,562 older adults, who were randomly assigned to a 3-y intervention of cocoa extract (500 mg of cocoa flavanols per day) or a placebo [(COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study) COSMOS-Web, NCT04582617]. Using the alternative Healthy Eating Index in all participants and a urine-based biomarker of flavanol intake in a subset of participants [n = 1,361], we show that habitual flavanol consumption and diet quality at baseline are positively and selectively correlated with hippocampal-dependent memory. While the prespecified primary end point testing for an intervention-related improvement in memory in all participants after 1 y was not statistically significant, the flavanol intervention restored memory among participants in lower tertiles of habitual diet quality or habitual flavanol consumption. Increases in the flavanol biomarker over the course of the trial were associated with improving memory. Collectively, our results allow dietary flavanols to be considered in the context of a depletion–repletion paradigm and suggest that low flavanol consumption can act as a driver of the hippocampal-dependent component of cognitive aging.
Omega-3 fatty acids reduce depressive symptoms only among the socially stressed: A corollary of the social signal transduction theory of depression
Annelise Madison et al.
Health Psychology, July 2023, Pages 448-459
Method: Healthy, sedentary, generally overweight middle-aged and older adults (N = 138) were randomly assigned to 4 months of pill placebo (n = 46), 1.25 grams per day (g/d) omega-3 (n = 46), or 2.5 g/d omega-3 (n = 46). At a baseline visit and monthly follow-up visits, they reported depressive symptoms and had their blood drawn to assess plasma levels of omega-3 fatty acids. Participants completed the Trier Inventory of Chronic Stress at Visit 2 and the Test of Negative Social Exchange at Visit 3.
Results: Among those who were overweight or obese, both doses of omega-3 reduced depressive symptoms only in the context of frequent hostile interactions and social tension, and 2.5 g/d of omega-3 lowered depressive symptoms among those with less social recognition or more performance pressure (ps < .05). Findings were largely corroborated with plasma omega-3 fatty acids. No other social stress or work stress measure moderated omega-3 fatty acids’ relationship with depressive symptoms (ps > .05).
Trends in the School Lunch Program: Changes in Selection, Nutrition & Health
Therese Bonomo & Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach
NBER Working Paper, May 2023
Abstract:
There has been significant media attention on the issue of childhood obesity, leading policymakers to reform the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) to include stricter nutritional requirements. We use data on school lunch menus to document improvements in the nutritional quality of school meals between 1991 and 2010. We then evaluate how this change in nutritional content maps into obesity outcomes, using panel data on a nationally representative cohort of children, tracking them from kindergarten entry in fall 2010 through the end of fifth grade in spring 2016. We find little evidence that participation in the school lunch program leads to weight gain, as measured by changes in obesity, overweight, and BMI. These results suggest that improvements in the nutritional content of school lunches have been largely successful in reversing the previously negative relationship between school lunches and childhood obesity. Unrelated to school lunch participation, we find a strong relationship between mother’s obesity status and both the level and growth of children’s obesity, especially for girls and among high-SES families.
Lasting Declines in Couples’ Social Network Interactions in the First Years of COVID
Benjamin Haggerty et al.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, forthcoming
Abstract:
Since the onset of COVID-19, a rise in loneliness has raised concerns about the social impact of lockdowns and distancing mandates. Yet, to date, the effects of the pandemic on social networks have been studied only indirectly. To evaluate how the pandemic affected social networks, the current analyses analyzed five waves of detailed social network interviews conducted before and during the first 18 months of the pandemic in a sample especially vulnerable to contracting the virus: mostly non-White couples (243 husbands and 250 wives) recruited from lower income neighborhoods. Pre-COVID interviews asked spouses to name 24 individuals with whom they interact regularly. Post-COVID interviews indicated a nearly 50% decline in face-to-face interactions and a nearly 40% decline in virtual interactions, with little recovery over the first 18 months of the pandemic. Compared with less affluent couples, those with higher incomes maintained more of their network relationships, especially when virtual interactions were taken into account.